Facial Impressions + masculinity

Bar, M., Neta, M., & Linz, H. (2006). Very first impressions.

Oh, D., Dotsch, R., Porter, J., & Todorov, A. (2020). Gender biases in impressions from faces: Empirical studies and computational models.

Oosterhof, N. N., & Todorov, A. (2008). The functional basis of face evaluation.

Todorov, A., Said, C. P., Engell, A. D., & Oosterhof, N. N. (2008). Understanding evaluation of faces on social dimensions.

Willis, J., & Todorov, A. (2006). First impressions: Making up your mind after 100 ms of exposure to a face.

Theory of facial impression formation

Calder, A. J., & Rhodes, G., Johnson, M. H., & Haxby, J. V. (Eds.) (2011). Oxford handbook of face perception.

Oosterhof, N. N., & Todorov, A. (2008). The functional basis of face evaluation.

Secord, P. F. (1958). Facial features and inference processes in interpersonal perception. In R. Tagiuri & L. Petrullo (Eds.), Person perception and interpersonal behavior.

Sutherland, C. A. M., & Wong, A. W. (2021). Understanding trait impressions from faces.

Suzuki, A., & Suga, S. (2010). Enhanced memory for the wolf in sheep’s clothing:: Facial trustworthiness modulates face-trait associative memory. 

Vernon, R. J. W., Sutherland, C. A. M., Young, A. W., & Hartley, T. (2014). Modeling first impressions from highly variable facial images.

Young, A., & Bruce, V. (2013). Face perception.

Modern day phrenology

Berry, B. (2007). Beauty bias: Discrimination and social power.

De La Garza, H., & Vashi, N. A. (2024). The Concept of Beauty and Its Evolutionary Basis.

Lindsay, K. B., Smith, B. O., & White, D. R. (2024). Beauty in the eyes of the beholder.

Maddox, K. B. (2004). Perspectives on racial phenotypicality bias.

Maddox, K. B., Perry, J. M., & Pagan, J. (2022). Cues and categories: Revisiting paths to racial phenotypicality bias.

Rhode, D. L. (2010). The beauty bias: The injustice of appearance in life and law.

Beauty Mystique

Langlois, J. H. (1986; 2022). From the eye of the beholder to behavioral reality: Development of social behaviors and social relations as a function of physical attractiveness.

Langlois, J. H., Kalakanis, L., Rubenstein, A. J., Larson, A., Hallam, M., & Smoot, M. (2000). Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review. 

Merleau-Ponty, M. (1945/2012). Phenomenology of perception.

Snyder, M., Berscheid, E., & Glick, P. (1985). Focusing on the exterior and the interior: Two investigations of the initiation of personal relationships.

Snyder, M., Tanke, E. D., & Berscheid, E. (1977). Social perception and interpersonal behavior: On the self-fulfilling nature of social stereotypes. 

Violi, P. (2003). Embodiment at the crossroads between cognition and semiosis.

Racialised aesthetic inequality

Feliciano, C. (2016). Shades of race: How phenotype and observer characteristics shape racial classification.

Lamont, M., Beljean, S., & Clair, M. (2014). What is missing? Cultural processes and causal pathways to inequality.

Maddox, K. B. (2004). Perspectives on racial phenotypicality bias.

Monk Jr, E. P., Esposito, M. H., & Lee, H. (2021). Beholding inequality: Race, gender, and returns to physical attractiveness in the United States.

Petersen, A. M. (2017). Complicating race: Afrocentric facial feature bias and prison sentencing in Oregon.

Taboo of racialised aesthetic discrimination

Kang, J. M. (1997). Deconstructing the ideology of White aesthetics.

Kaplinsky, C. (2008). Shifting shadows: shaping dynamics in the cultural unconscious.

LLoyd, D. (2019). Under representation: The racial regime of aesthetics.

Singer, T., & Kaplinsky C. (2010). Cultural Complexes in Analysis. In M. Stein (ed.), In Jungian psychoanalysis: Working in the spirit of C.G. Jung.

Singer, T., & Kimbles, S. L. (2004). The cultural complex: Contemporary Jungian perspectives on the psyche and society.

White beauty as Universal Ideal

Jones, J. (2019). Roman Statues Weren’t White; They Were Once Painted in Vivid, Bright Colors. Open Culture.

Painter, N. I. (2010). The history of White people. WW Norton & Company.

Pharos: Doing justice to the Classics.

Potts, A. (1994). Flesh and the ideal: Winckelmann and the origins of art history. Yale University Press.

Tautz, B. (Ed.). (2004). Colors 1800, 1900, 2000: signs of ethnic difference .

Socialisation + social expectancy

Cash, T. F. (1990). Losing hair, losing points?: The effects of male pattern baldness on social impression formation.

Herman, C. P., Zanna, M. P. & Higgins, E. T. (Eds.) (2022). Physical appearance, stigma, and social behavior. Psychology Press.

St. Bernard, J. and Gallagher, S. (2023). Race and the implicit aspects of embodied social interaction. In J. R. Thompson, The Routledge handbook of philosophy and implicit cognition (pp. 313-323). Routledge.

Synder, M. (2015). On the perpetuating nature of social stereotypes. In D. L. Hamilton (Ed.) Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior (pp. 183-212). Psychology Press.

Snyder, M., Tanke, E. D., & Berscheid, E. (1977). Social perception and interpersonal behavior: On the self-fulfilling nature of social stereotypes.

Ideal White aesthetic as…

Bowen, T. M. (2021). Toward a new classics: A de-and reconstruction of the Classics in the classroom and beyond.

Guédron, M. (2009). Nature, ideal and caricature. The perception of physical types among the first anthropologists. 

Hodne, L. (2020). Winckelmann’s Apollo and the physionomy of race.

Jones, J. (2019). Roman Statues Weren’t White; They Were Once Painted in Vivid, Bright Colors. Open Culture.

Painter, N. I. (2010). The history of White people. WW Norton & Company.

Pharos: Doing justice to the Classics.

Potts, A. (1994). Flesh and the ideal: Winckelmann and the origins of art history. Yale University Press.

White male beauty…

Barrow, R. J. (2018). Gender, identity and the body in Greek and Roman sculpture. Cambridge University Press.

Painter, N. I. (2010). The history of White people. WW Norton & Company.

Potts, A. (1994). Flesh and the ideal: Winckelmann and the origins of art history. Yale University Press.

Squire, M. (2011). The art of the body: Antiquity & its legacy. I. B. Tauris & Co Ltd.