Category: Ethnicity

(Un)attractiveness as Racial Hierarchy

Augoustinos, M., Walker, I., & Donaghue, N. (2014). Social cognition: an integrated introduction (3rd Ed.). Sage.

Blair, I. V., Judd, C. M., Sadler, M. S.., Jenkins, C. (2002). The role of Afrocentric features in person perception: Judging by features and categories. Attitudes and Social Cognition.

Ma, D. S., Correll, J., and Wittenbrink, B. (2018). The effects of categories and physical features on stereotyping and evaluation. Journal of experimental social psychology.

Maddox, K. B. (2004). Perspectives on racial phenotypicality bias. Personality and Social Psychology Review.

Singer, T., & Kaplinsky C. (2010). Cultural Complexes in Analysis. In M. Stein (ed.), In Jungian psychoanalysis: Working in the spirit of C.G. Jung.

Singer, T., & Kimbles, S. L. (2004). The cultural complex: Contemporary Jungian perspectives on the psyche and society. Brunner-Routledge.

Stepanova E., V., and Strube, M. J. (2018). Attractiveness as a function of skin-tone and facial features: Evidence from categorization studies. The Journal of General Psychology.

Hypodescent

Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Pearson, A. R. (2017). Aversive Racism and Contemporary Bias.

Ho, A. K., Sidanius, J., Levin, D. T., & Banaji, M. R. (2011). Evidence for hypodescent and racial hierarchy in the categorization and perception of biracial individuals. Journal of personality and social psychology, 100(3), 492.

Pauker, K., Meyers, C., Sanchez, D. T., Gaither, S. E., & Young, D. M. (2018). A review of multiracial malleability: Identity, categorization, and shifting racial attitudes. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 12(6), e12392.

Rajan-Rankin, S. (2018). Race, embodiment, and later life: Re-animating aging bodies of color. Journal of Aging Studies, 45, 32–38.

Veenstra, G. (2011). Mismatched racial identities, colourism, and health in Toronto and Vancouver. Social Science & Medicine, 73(8), 1152–1162.

Vince, R. (2024). After Objectification: Locating Harm. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 41(3), 442-462.

Young, D. M., Sanchez, D. T., Pauker, K., & Gaither, S. E. (2021). A meta-analytic review of hypodescent patterns in categorizing multiracial and racially ambiguous targets. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 47(5), 705–727.

Nasus Geometric

Farkas, L.G., Kolar, J.C. & Munro, I.R. (1986). Geography of the nose: A morphometric study. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 10, 191–223.

Guerrieri, M., Omer, G. L., Rashid, R. H., & Di Girolamo, S. (2022). Shape and function of the nose. In P. G. Giacomini (Ed.), Mediterranean rhinoplasty (pp. 1-20). Springer.

Marks, T., Maddux, S. D., Butaric, L. N., & Franciscus, R. G. (2019). Climatic adaptation in human inferior nasal turbinate morphology: evidence from arctic and equatorial populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 169(3), 498-512.

Saad, A., Hewett, S., Nolte, M., Delaunay, F., Saad, M. & Cohen, S. R. (2018). Ethnic Rhinoplasty in Female Patients: The Neoclassical Canons Revisited. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 42, 565–576.

Zaidi, A. A., Mattern, B. C., Claes, P., McEcoy, B., Hughes, C., & Shriver, M. D. (2017). Investigating the case of human nose shape and climate adaptation. PLoS genetics, 13(3), e1006616.

Facial features + trait stereotyping

Blair, I. V., Judd, C. M., Sadler, M. S., & Jenkins, C. (2002). The role of Afrocentric features in person perception: judging by features and categories. Journal of personality and social psychology, 83(1), 5

Dion, K., Berscheid, E., & Walster, E. (1972). What is beautiful is good. Journal of personality and social psychology, 24(3), 285.

Jablonski, N. G. (2021). Skin color and race. American journal of physical anthropology, 175(2), 437-447.

Maddox, K. B., & Gray, S. A. (2002). Cognitive representations of Black Americans: Reexploring the role of skin tone. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(2), 250-259.

Zebrowitz, L. A., & Collins, M. A. (1997). Accurate social perception at zero acquaintance: The affordances of a Gibsonian approach. Personality and social psychology review, 1(3), 204-223.

Modern day phrenology

Berry, B. (2007). Beauty bias: Discrimination and social power.

De La Garza, H., & Vashi, N. A. (2024). The Concept of Beauty and Its Evolutionary Basis.

Lindsay, K. B., Smith, B. O., & White, D. R. (2024). Beauty in the eyes of the beholder.

Maddox, K. B. (2004). Perspectives on racial phenotypicality bias.

Maddox, K. B., Perry, J. M., & Pagan, J. (2022). Cues and categories: Revisiting paths to racial phenotypicality bias.

Rhode, D. L. (2010). The beauty bias: The injustice of appearance in life and law.

Racialised aesthetic inequality

Feliciano, C. (2016). Shades of race: How phenotype and observer characteristics shape racial classification.

Lamont, M., Beljean, S., & Clair, M. (2014). What is missing? Cultural processes and causal pathways to inequality.

Maddox, K. B. (2004). Perspectives on racial phenotypicality bias.

Monk Jr, E. P., Esposito, M. H., & Lee, H. (2021). Beholding inequality: Race, gender, and returns to physical attractiveness in the United States.

Petersen, A. M. (2017). Complicating race: Afrocentric facial feature bias and prison sentencing in Oregon.

White beauty as science

Bhopal, R. (2007). The beautiful skull and Blumenbach’s errors: the birth of the scientific concept of race. bmj.

Junker, T. (2018). Blumenbach’s theory of human races and the natural unity of humankind. In N. Rupke & G. Lauer (Eds.), Johann Friedrich Blumenbach. Routledge.

Painter, N. I. (2010). The history of White people. WW Norton & Company.

Richards, R. J. (2018). The beautiful skulls of Schiller and the Georgian girl: quantitative and aesthetic scaling of the races 1770-1850. In N. Rupke & G. Lauer (Eds.), Johann Friedrich Blumenbach. Routledge.

Teo, T. (2009). Psychology without Caucasians. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne.

White slavery + beauty prestige

Barker, H. (2023). Slavery in the Black Sea region. In D.A. Pargas, and J. Schiel (eds.), The Palgrave handbook of global slavery throughout history. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Open Access.

Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of women quarterly.

Moxey, K. P. (1991). Semiotics and the social history of art. New Literary History, 985-999.

Painter, N. I. (2010). The history of White people. WW Norton & Company.

Body Prism

Brand, B. (2023). Body prism: An exploration of aesthetic embodied ageing [In preparation, doctoral dissertation]. University of Kent.

Jablonski N. (2021). The evolution of human skin pigmentation involved the interactions of genetic, environmental, and cultural variables. Pigment Cell Melanoma Research.

Jablonski, N. (2020). Skin color and race. American Journal of Physical Anthropology.

Jablonski, N. (2017). The anthropology of skin colors: An examination of the evolution of skin pigmentation and the concepts of race and skin of color. In N. Vashi & H. Maibach (Eds.). Dermatoanthropology of ethnic skin and hair, (pp. 1-11).

Jablonski, N. and Chaplin, G. (2017). The colours of humanity: the evolution of pigmentation in the human lineage. Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

Our body is aesthetic & functional…

Don’t Shock Me: Madalyn’s law USA/NJ petition.

Lauren Wasser – Shocking TRUE Story: “I Lost Both Of My Legs Because Of A Tampon” (Health Warning). Diary of a CEO: Steven Bartlett (youtube).

Toxic shock syndrome – National Health Service (NHS).

Probiotic combo stops bacteria that cause toxic shock syndrome. Science Daily.

Schlievert, P. M., Gaitán, A. V., Kilgore, S. H., Roe, A. L., Maukonen, J., Lehtoranta, L., … & Marsman, D. S. (2023). Inhibition of Toxic Shock Syndrome-Associated Staphylococcus aureus by Probiotic Lactobacilli. Microbiology Spectrum, e01735-23.